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This study examines the investment appraisal of banana orchards cultivated in the Sindh province of Pakistan. Sindh is a major banana producer province in the country which produces 87 percent of Pakistan's total banana production. A sample of 240 farmers was selected through a purposive sampling technique from three districts of Sindh, Khairpur Mir’s, Hyderabad, and Thatta. A structured interview schedule was used to collect data from the respondents. The results show that the majority of the farmers were illiterate with sufficient farming experience. The average productivity per acre was (425.39 maunds) this was higher than the national average production, where the rate per maund was Rs.1308.87. Moreover, net present value (NPV) results show that the business is profitable as the sum of all discounted net returns is a positive number. Despite high potential and favorable climate conditions, the investment in this agribusiness is low. Thus, the government has to arrange awareness seminars and meetings on investment in banana orchards for the farmers. This will help to extend the banana cultivation in Sindh and other provinces of the country. In this way, the country can export quality fruit and can earn much more profit.

This study investigates the relationship between market capitalization and economic growth in Egypt from 2002-2021. It estimates the mediating role of market capitalization in economic growth and other macroeconomic variables. The study found mixed order of integration among variables, with most being marginally significant. Factors such as FDI, gross fixed capital formation, consumption expenditures, GDP per employed person, and market capitalization positively impact GDP growth rate. The study recommends implementing policies to attract and facilitate foreign direct investment, encourage domestic and foreign investment in physical assets, and boost consumer spending. Policies should also focus on fostering a robust and transparent financial market.

Irrigation systems play an important role in the national economy from the food and water security perspectives. The chief objective of any such system is the provision of equitable, reliable, and timely supply of irrigation water to the farmers. Traditionally the water sector is managed by the centralized irrigation bureaucracy with marginal involvement of the water users in Punjab. There had been many efforts by the Government of Punjab, in collaboration with donor agencies, to reform the irrigation system. The first major reform, led by the World Bank, was the introduction of the Punjab Irrigation and Drainage Act 1997 (PIDA) to revamp irrigation networks, decentralization of decision-making, creation of water markets and inducting water-related public utilities. It promoted the internationally tested and trialled best model of Irrigation Participatory Management (IPM) that essentially involves the water users in the decision-making conduits. The users took this reform as a positive step towards an equitable and timely supply of water for agricultural purposes, however, the irrigation bureaucracy viewed it as a power-stripping intervention. For 22 years of the reform period, this reform gained some initial successes but failed to institutionalize the user’s angle. Quoted as the reform is wrought with snags, it fell short of achieving its desired outcomes, and was finally replaced with the Punjab Khal Panchayat Authority Act 2019 (PKPA). With this new enactment, the role of the water users was merely reduced to helpers of the irrigation managers rather than partners in management, O&M and upkeep of distributaries and outlets. This research endeavour analyzes introduction of this reform, its uptake and failure that ultimately led to its reversal and recommends for re-introduction of such reforms by placing the user’s perspective at the centerstage for ensuring the prospects of equitable and timely supply of water to the farmers.

The study examines the relationship between economic growth and Islamic baking performance in Pakistan from 2006-2022, using data from the World Development Indicators. The study has used Islamic banking performance as dependent variable while, GDP growth rate, CPI, and FDI are independent variables. It employs the Augmented Dicky Fuller unit root test and ARDL cointegration approach to analyze long-term and short-term relationships. The ARDL cointegration analysis reveals a long-term relationship between variables, with an increase in GDP growth rate, CPI, and FDI causing a decrease in Islamic banking performance. The ECM term confirms no short-run relationship, rejecting the assumption of a short-run relationship.

The present study was conducted by a team of agriculture economists from SSRI Quetta during the year 2020-21 at Jaffarabad, Nasirabad, Mastung, Pishin, Killa Saifullah and Loralai districts of plain and upland Balochistan which are the main canal and tubewell irrigation systems. The purpose of the survey was to find out the farmers’ perception about project interventions, quantify increasing agricultural area and production by effective utilization of irrigation water through improvement of watercourses in the study area. This study is based on primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected through a well-structured and pre-tested questionnaire from respondents (intervention of new water structures). A sample of 150 interventions of new water structures respondents was selected randomly and interviewed, out of which, 25 new water structures respondents from each districts.

In recent years, Pakistan's economy has shown astounding performance and a heavy amount of foreign direct investment (FDI) has been attracted to Pakistan. Therefore, the researcher believes that it is time to study the connection between corporate governance (CG) and firms' capital structure (CS) from Pakistan’s economic perspective. The study uses panel data of 350 non-financial companies listed on PSX with eleven years starting from 2010 to 2021. To resolve the unobserved heterogeneity and endogeneity problems in the panel data series, the researcher applies a one-step dynamic GMM model approach. The study uses static (random effect & fixed effect) estimation techniques for checking robustness. The results of the dynamic GMM model show that the board size, female directors, and outside independent directors have a positive and significant impact on CS. At the same time, CEO duality is reported as a statistically insignificant impact on CS and validates the agency theory. This study uses internal CG mechanisms it does not include external likewise media exposure, government rules, a takeover of the new government market competition, etc. To the best of the researcher’s knowledge, this study contributes as well as extends the literature on CG mechanism and CS by proposing new evidence on the impact of CG on CS. The researchers conclude that a higher amount of debt substitutes for weaker governance mechanisms in resolving agency problems because of the role of debt in reducing agency costs.

As the nations have evolved towards development, it is highly evident that not only economic development is necessary rather sustainable development should be achieved. But due to immense ignorance in the past the nations today faces huge detrimental effects specially on health due to the pollutants that have been created by the human induced activities. This paper focuses on investigating the impacts of air pollutants, climate change and GDP per capita on the life expectancy of the people of four countries: Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and China. A panel data study has been conducted from the year 1972-2021. Furthermore the combined panel ARDL model and country wise ARDL model has been implied to check the long-run and short-run association of air pollutants, climate change and GDP per capita on the life expectancy as well as co integration in the model. As a result it is found that climate change (oghg) has zero impact on life expectancy of selected countries, however, among the air pollution gasses methane gas is the gas effecting life expectancy of all selected countries in long-run while carbon dioxide is effecting life expectancy of Pakistan and China and nitrous oxide is effecting the life expectancy of Bangladesh only. Therefore, the results shows that India’s life expectancy is least effected by air pollution. Moreover the error correction term of all the selected countries is statistically significant and negative indicating long-run cointegration among climate change, environment and life expectancy in all selected countries.

Extreme weather patterns, including droughts and floods, are a result of Pakistan's present climate crisis and reduce agricultural production. A serious food security issue arose in Pakistan in 2022 as a result of widespread flooding. The achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 2 (SDG-2)—which seeks to eradicate hunger, ensure food security, enhance nutrition, and support sustainable agriculture—is hampered by this in Pakistan. Given this, an econometric model will be used to examine the impact of the changing climate on Pakistan's supply of food. The study will look at data, policy papers, and published works about how environmental degradation affects food safety, specifically "Food Availability" in Pakistan. Conversations with experts are going to be conducted as part of the procedure as well. Given its main findings, the project will provide suggestions to players on climate-smart policies for farming, regenerative cultivation methods, and approaches to mitigate the consequences of greenhouse gas emissions on food security.