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This research intended to help us establish the relationship between energy efficiency (EE) and economic development by studying environmentally focused technology advancements. With data from 20 EU countries (ranging from 2008 to 2022), the analysis examines energy consumption by household sectors, focusing on the two main sources of energy, electricity and gas. Two additional indicators added in the analysis to examine their role on EE. We employed cointegration analysis through first generation Dynamic Panel ARDL models (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) to determine the long run and short-run fluctuations of relationship between variables in panel data framework. Three error correction-based test; Pooled mean group (PMG), Mean group (MG) and Dynamic fixed effect (DFE) were employed on four different models for estimating dynamic heterogeneous panel data. While PMG gives contrasting outcomes, MG and DFE come out with conflicting findings, none of which strongly supports a causal link between EE and development. Tests for cross-sectional dependence (Pesaran, 2004; Friedman, 1973) clearly show the need for using second-generation methods of cointegration. Following the use of CCE estimators, there is still not enough proof, which means that a clear connection between EE and economic growth not observed in many countries.

This paper explores the determinants of real private investment of agriculture sector in Pakistan. Real development spending and real interest rates representing the economic policy environment along with price of capital and income in agriculture sector are included to determine real private investment of agriculture sector. With the consideration of endogeneity due to reverse causality, we employ 2SLS, LIML and GMM techniques. The growth in agriculture income and developmental spending have positive impact on real private investment whereas higher real interest rates and increasing prices of capital goods reduce real private investment in Pakistan.

This study is designed to explore the gender gaps in saving habits and to explore the moderating effect of financial literacy on the links between financial skills and saving. The primary data gathered from 184 respondents from Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Gilgit-Baltistan, and Azad Jammu and Kashmir using a structured questionnaire forms the basis of empirical analysis. The results show the existence of substantial differences in the saving rates between men and women. This is particularly true for men, who have a higher risk appetite, and women who have a more risk averse approach to financial decision-making. Better saving behavior is associated with higher financial literacy and financial skills illustrated by the results as well. Furthermore, there is a positive and significant moderation between financial skills and savings by financial literacy, implying that individuals can better turn their financial skills into effective savings through w higher financial literacy. The findings indicate that it is crucial to raise financial literacy and financial capability for all population groups as well as to promote prudent saving among women to close gender gaps in financial outcomes. Therefore, specific policy and educational measures designed to promote financial literacy can be a key factor for improving savings and improving financial well-being.

This study examines the relationships among green HRM practices and employee green innovative behaviour in public-sector higher-education institutions in Punjab, Pakistan and explains how employees’ perceptions of green HRM practices is translated into employee-initiated green innovation. It distinguishes green psychological climate as a perception-based mechanism from green job crafting as a behavioural work-redesign mechanism and examines green inclusive leadership as a boundary condition. A quantitative, cross-sectional survey design was used. Data were collected from faculty members, administrative employees and academic support staff. After screening 320 distributed questionnaires, 282 usable responses were retained. Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) in SmartPLS was used to assess the measurement and structural models. Green HRM practices were positively associated with green psychological climate, green job crafting and employee green innovative behaviour. Both indirect effects were significant, indicating complementary partial mediation. Green inclusive leadership positively moderated the green HRM–green innovative behaviour relationship. The plotted conditional relationship was substantially stronger at high green inclusive leadership and markedly attenuated at low green inclusive leadership. The study advances prior green HRM research by explaining how formal HR practices reach employee-initiated green innovation through two theoretically distinct but complementary routes: how employees interpret the organisation’s environmental signal and how they proactively redesign their work in response. It also identifies immediate green inclusive leadership as the local condition that strengthens or constrains this translation in a resource-constrained public-sector setting.

This study explores the impact of financial inclusion on poverty and income inequality in selected Asian countries from 2009 to 2024. Financial inclusion is computed as a single composite index using three separate dimensions: availability of financial services, usage of financial services and financial services penetration in the economy. The poverty headcount ratio has been used as a proxy for poverty, and the Gini coefficient has been used as a proxy for income inequality. Whereas the financial inclusion index, GDP per capita, domestic credit, inflation, and government expenditure have been used as independent variables. Based on the unit root results, the study has applied random and fixed effect models. Estimated results show that financial Inclusion reduces poverty and income inequalities in the selected Asian economies. Among the Financial inclusion sub-dimensions, the results show that the relationship between financial inclusion and poverty or inequality is not only determined by access to finance but also by utilization and penetration. In terms of control variables, GDP and domestic credit seem to generally improve distribution outcomes, while inflation and other macroeconomic variables appear to have different impacts depending on the specification. Overall, the results support the idea that in general, the expansion of financial inclusion may be seen as an important tool for alleviating poverty and reducing income inequality in various Asian economies, but the extent of its impact varies across the different dimensions of financial inclusion.